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Diagram Background/Description:
In a Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) system,  water is collected  from creeks and/or rivers and stored in an upper reservoir (commonly under off–peak demand). Electrical power is needed to pump the water into the upper reservoir. Losses due to electrical and mechanical equipment are present when pumping. The energy is stored as potential energy. The energy stored is most commonly used to meet peak demands. The potential energy is transformed back into electrical energy in the same way as is done in traditional hydro power plants: the water goes through a turbine which is connected to a generator. The 2,000 MW Dinorwig pumped hydro storage system in the UK is an example of a large scale application of this type of energy storage systems. When the water flows down, losses are present as well. About the 20% of the energy used in the whole process is lost, hence 80% of the energy is recovered [Menéndez et al., 2020; Ramos et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2015; Yimen et al., 2018].
This type of energy storage system needs long construction times and high capital costs for both the plant and transmission lines (since it depends on specific geographic locations which are commonly far away from consumption centres). However, PHS seems to be the best choice of energy storage since, similar to common hydro power stations, it has the ability for almost instantaneous starting and stopping response. Therefore, this type of energy storage is a good choice to compensate peak demands. Also, its operation, generation cost and maintenance are lower than other type of energy storage systems. It is one of the energy storage systems with the highest efficiency, 80% approx [Menéndez et al., 2020; Ramos et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2015; Yimen et al., 2018].
 
Based on information from:
[Menéndez et al., 2020] Menéndez, J.; Fernández-Oro, J.M.; Loredo, J. Economic Feasibility of Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants Providing Ancillary Services. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3947.
 
[Ramos et al., 2020] Ramos, H.M.; Dadfar, A.; Besharat, M.; Adeyeye, K. Inline Pumped Storage Hydropower towards Smart and Flexible Energy Recovery in Water Networks. Water 2020, 12, 2224.
 
[Yao et al., 2015] Yao, E.; Wang, H.; Liu, L.; Xi, G. A Novel Constant-Pressure Pumped Hydro Combined with Compressed Air Energy Storage System. Energies 2015, 8, 154-171.
 
[Yimen et al., 2018] Yimen, N.; Hamandjoda, O.; Meva’a, L.; Ndzana, B.; Nganhou, J. Analyzing of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Biogas/Pumped-Hydro Off-Grid Hybrid System for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa—Case Study of Djoundé in Northern Cameroon. Energies 2018, 11, 2644.